Biochemistry

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Glucose is a simple sugar and a carbohydrate, serving as a primary energy source in the body.

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Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, a condition characterized by softening and weakening of bones in children.

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) encodes genetic information in living organisms.

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Aldoses are carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde group.

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Amino acids are the basic building units of proteins.

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Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units.

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Lactose is a disaccharide sugar found in milk, often referred to as milk sugar.

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A peptide is essentially a polyamide, formed by linking amino acids through peptide bonds.

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Fats are typically solid at ordinary room temperature.

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Cotton is composed of approximately 95% cellulose, a polysaccharide.

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The general formula of carbohydrates is \(C_n(H_2O)_n\), indicating they are hydrates of carbon.

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Aldoses contain an aldehyde functional group.

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Ketoses contain a ketone group and hydroxyl groups.

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Oligosaccharides yield 2 to 10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.

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Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

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Proteins are composed of amino acids.

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Amino acids in proteins are linked by peptide bonds.

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Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions.

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Hemoglobin is the protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

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Consumption of certain fats can increase cholesterol levels in the body.

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Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.

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DNA stores genetic information in living organisms.

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RNA plays a crucial role in decoding and expressing genetic information.

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Vitamins B complex and C are water-soluble vitamins.

Carbohydrates are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen is not a component of carbohydrates but is found in proteins and nucleic acids.

Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels by enabling cells to take in glucose from the blood and use it for energy.

Fructose is the sugar commonly found in ripe fruits and honey. It is a monosaccharide, like glucose, and is often referred to as fruit sugar.

A disaccharide is a sugar composed of two monosaccharides. Sucrose is a common disaccharide made of glucose and fructose.

Monosaccharides are linked together by glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of glucose units.

Glycogen is known as animal starch because it serves as a form of energy storage in animals, similar to how starch does in plants.

Polysaccharides are large molecules made of many monosaccharide units. They are generally insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.

Carbohydrates primarily serve as an energy source, maintain blood sugar levels, and provide structural support in organisms. They are not involved in protein synthesis.

The general structure of an amino acid includes an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain (R group) that is unique to each amino acid.

There are 20 standard amino acids found in nature that serve as the building blocks of proteins.

The human body can synthesize non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet.

Amino acids are linked together in proteins by peptide bonds, which form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

A protein made of two amino acids is called a dipeptide. The prefix "di-" indicates two.

Sugar is not a source of protein. It is a carbohydrate. Common sources of protein include beans, eggs, and cheese.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in biological systems.

Lipids are soluble in organic solvents like Bloor's reagent, which is a mixture used to detect lipids. They are generally insoluble in water.

Hydrogenation is the process used to convert vegetable oils into saturated fats like ghee. This process involves adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats.

Nickel is commonly used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce saturated fats.

The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end.

Fats are typically solid at room temperature. They are mainly obtained from animal sources and are generally saturated fats.

Oils are generally unsaturated compounds and are liquid at room temperature. They are mainly obtained from plant sources.

Coconut is a plant source of lipids. Cheese, salmon, and butter are animal sources.

Lipids transport fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin A in the human body. Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and reproduction.

Lipids are used in cooking, making soaps and cosmetics, and can activate enzymes. However, they are not involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, which is a protein.

Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA. It is a pentose sugar and is a key component of the backbone of DNA molecules.

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.

The DNA molecule forms a double helix shape, which consists of two long strands that twist around each other.

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. These pairings are due to the specific hydrogen bonding patterns between the bases.

Uracil is the nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA. In DNA, thymine is used instead of uracil.

Nucleic acids are primarily involved in transmitting hereditary traits, controlling protein synthesis, and storing genetic information. Breaking down toxins in the liver is not a function of nucleic acids.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning it dissolves in water and is not stored in the body. It must be replenished regularly through diet.

Excess Vitamin D can lead to calcification, which is the abnormal deposition of calcium in the body's soft tissues, including the kidneys and blood vessels.

Vitamin D is known as the "sunshine vitamin" because it is produced in the skin in response to sunlight exposure.

Deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) causes Beriberi, a disease affecting the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

The main function of Vitamin K in the body is to help in blood clotting. It is essential for the synthesis of proteins that are involved in the coagulation process.

Deficiency of Vitamin C leads to scurvy, a disease characterized by bleeding gums, skin sores, and fatigue.