BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Early biotechnologists were primarily involved in genetics, focusing on heredity and variation in organisms.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project that successfully mapped all the genes of the human genome.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes, often used in the production of alcohol and antibiotics.

Most living organisms use oxygen to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through the process of aerobic respiration.

Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration, particularly in muscle cells when oxygen is scarce.

During alcoholic fermentation, yeast produces carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a byproduct, which causes bread dough to rise.

Fermenters are containers used to grow bacteria or other microorganisms on a large scale, often for industrial purposes.

Restriction enzymes are used by bacteria as a defense mechanism to cut foreign DNA, protecting the cell from invading viruses.

Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are commonly used as vectors in genetic engineering.

Biotechnology involves using living organisms or their systems to develop or make products for human benefit.

The two major types of anaerobic fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation, which are used in various industrial applications.

Streptococcus and Lactobacillus are commonly involved in the fermentation of milk products, contributing to the production of yogurt and cheese.

Yeast produces carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation, which causes bread dough to rise.

Restriction enzymes are used in biotechnology to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the manipulation and study of gene sequences.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by forming a bond between the phosphate and deoxyribose groups.

Plasmids are used in genetic engineering as vectors to carry and insert specific genes into host organisms, allowing for the expression of desired traits or the production of specific proteins.

Genetic engineering involves the artificial manipulation and recombination of DNA to alter the characteristics of organisms or to produce specific biological products.

The first genetically engineered drug produced in 1978 was human insulin, which was created using recombinant DNA technology to produce insulin in bacteria for diabetic patients.

DNA fingerprinting is a biotechnology application used in medicine and forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique DNA sequences.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol using microorganisms like yeast or bacteria under anaerobic conditions.

Yeast and bacteria are commonly used in fermentation processes to produce a variety of products, including alcohol, bread, and dairy products.

In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid, which is commonly observed in muscle cells during strenuous activity when oxygen is scarce.

Muscles feel sore after intense exercise due to the build-up of lactic acid, which occurs when the body produces energy anaerobically.

In alcoholic fermentation, the end products are ethanol and carbon dioxide, which are produced by yeast under anaerobic conditions.

The first step in the genetic engineering process is identifying the gene that produces the protein of interest, which will be manipulated or inserted into another organism.

Restriction enzymes are primarily used in genetic engineering to cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the manipulation and study of gene sequences.

Ligase is an enzyme used to paste or join DNA fragments together, which is crucial in genetic engineering for creating recombinant DNA.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. Plasmids are commonly used as vectors in genetic engineering.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques, often involving the insertion of recombinant DNA.

The purpose of inserting recombinant DNA into a host cell is to produce a desired protein, which can be used for various applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

Insulin production was improved using genetic engineering by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli bacteria, which then produce insulin that can be harvested and purified for human use.

The p-53 gene is known as a tumor suppressor gene that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell division and preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.

E. coli is commonly used as a host organism to produce insulin through recombinant DNA technology due to its rapid growth and ease of genetic manipulation.

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and can be used in genetic engineering as vectors to carry recombinant DNA into bacterial cells.

Gene therapy is a treatment that involves modifying an individual's genetic makeup, typically to correct genetic disorders or to improve the body's ability to fight disease.