What is responsible for the high resolution of the electron microscope?
Solution
The high resolution of the electron microscope is due to the short wavelength of the electron beam, which allows for greater detail to be observed compared to light microscopes.
What is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Solution
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis.
Which statement about the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is correct?
Solution
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins. The less unsaturated the fatty acids, the more fluid the membrane.
Which process allow movement in and out of cell?
Solution
Osmosis, diffusion, and active transport are all processes that allow movement in and out of the cell.
All are postulates of cell theory except:
Solution
Cell theory postulates that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and new cells are derived from pre-existing cells. Cells do contain hereditary material.
Secondary wall is made up of:
Solution
The secondary wall in plant cells is made up of cellulose and lignin, which provide additional support and rigidity.
Select the odd one:
Solution
Active transport is the odd one out because it requires energy, whereas diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are passive processes.
Trace the correct pathway of protein produce from protein factories:
Solution
The correct pathway of protein production is: Ribosomes → RER → Golgi body → Lysosome.
Cell organelle found in animal cell and help intracellular digestion:
Solution
Lysosomes are the cell organelles found in animal cells that help in intracellular digestion.
Select the mismatched:
Solution
The mismatched option is "Ribosomes → Synthesis of steroids" because ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, not steroid synthesis.
Resolution in microscopy refers to:
Solution
Resolution in microscopy refers to the smallest distance between two distinguishable points.
How is the total magnification of a light microscope calculated?
Solution
The total magnification of a light microscope is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece and objective lens powers.
Why do electron microscopes achieve higher resolution than light microscopes?
Solution
Electron microscopes achieve higher resolution than light microscopes because electrons have a shorter wavelength than visible light.
The primary component of plant cell walls is:
Solution
The primary component of plant cell walls is cellulose.
The cell membrane is primarily composed of:
Solution
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a double lipid layer, also known as a phospholipid bilayer.
Which process does NOT require energy input?
Solution
Diffusion does not require energy input as it is a passive process where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What term describes water loss causing cytoplasm shrinkage in plant cells?
Solution
Plasmolysis is the term that describes water loss causing cytoplasm shrinkage in plant cells.
Movement of substances via carrier proteins without energy is called:
Solution
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of substances via carrier proteins without the input of energy.
How many microtubules form the centriole structure?
Solution
The centriole structure is formed by 27 microtubules, arranged in a specific pattern.
Electron microscopes are superior to compound microscopes because they:
Solution
Electron microscopes are superior to compound microscopes because they provide higher resolution due to the shorter wavelength of electrons.
The basic structural and functional unit of organisms is the:
Solution
The basic structural and functional unit of organisms is the cell.
Prokaryotic cells lack:
Solution
Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane, which encloses the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
Which structure is non-living and permeable?
Solution
The cell wall is a non-living and permeable structure found in plant cells.
The fluid mosaic model explains the structure of the:
Solution
The fluid mosaic model explains the structure of the cell membrane, describing it as a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Active transport differs from diffusion because it:
Solution
Active transport differs from diffusion because it requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
Solution
The mitochondria are responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration.
Lysosomes are involved in:
Solution
Lysosomes are involved in waste digestion and the breakdown of cellular debris.
Meristematic tissues in plants are associated with:
Solution
Meristematic tissues in plants are associated with growth, as they are regions of active cell division.
Cell theory states that cells:
Solution
Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all living organisms are made up of one or more cells, and new cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of:
Solution
Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Which is NOT a type of cellular transport?
Solution
Photosynthesis is not a type of cellular transport. It is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of pigments.
Which microscope type provides 3D surface images of specimens?
Solution
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provides 3D surface images of specimens by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
A microscope with 10x eyepiece and 40x objective lens provides:
Solution
A microscope with a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective lens provides a total magnification of \(10 \times 40 = 400x\).
Which microscope type is used to study internal cell structures?
Solution
The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is used to study internal cell structures by transmitting electrons through a thin specimen.
Who first observed dead plant cells and coined the term "cell"?
Solution
Robert Hooke first observed dead plant cells and coined the term "cell" in 1665.
Which scientist discovered the nucleus in plant cells?
Solution
Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in plant cells in 1831.
The third postulate of cell theory, stating "all cells arise from pre-existing cells," was added by:
Solution
The third postulate of cell theory, stating "all cells arise from pre-existing cells," was added by Rudolf Virchow in 1855.
Which structure is absent in prokaryotic cells?
Solution
Mitochondria are absent in prokaryotic cells. They are found only in eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic ribosomes are:
Solution
Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.
A key difference between plant and animal cells is:
Solution
A key difference between plant and animal cells is the absence of lysosomes in plant cells. Plant cells have a large central vacuole that performs some of the functions of lysosomes.
The "powerhouse" of the cell is the:
Solution
The mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because they produce ATP through cellular respiration.
Proteins are synthesized by:
Solution
Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes, which can be found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of:
Solution
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane, which is composed of a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Osmosis involves the movement of:
Solution
Osmosis involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Active transport requires:
Solution
Active transport requires ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Plasmodesmata are found in:
Solution
Plasmodesmata are found in plant cells and are channels that traverse the cell walls, allowing for communication and transport between adjacent cells.
Which organelle is unique to plant cells?
Solution
Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis.
The large central vacuole in plant cells primarily stores:
Solution
The large central vacuole in plant cells primarily stores cell sap, which is a solution of sugars, salts, and other substances.
Viruses are considered acellular because they:
Solution
Viruses are considered acellular because they lack metabolic machinery and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own. They require a host cell to replicate.
Chromoplasts are responsible for:
Solution
Chromoplasts are responsible for pigmentation in flowers and fruits, providing them with their characteristic colors.
Which organism has the smallest cell size?
Solution
Mycoplasmas have the smallest cell size among the given options. They are a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest known free-living organisms.
Why are nerve cells typically long in shape?
Solution
Nerve cells, or neurons, are typically long in shape to efficiently transmit signals across long distances within the body.
Which tissue type is composed of a single layer of cells?
Solution
Simple tissue type is composed of a single layer of cells, whereas stratified tissue has multiple layers.
Simple squamous epithelium is primarily found in:
Solution
Simple squamous epithelium is primarily found in the alveoli of the lungs, where it facilitates the exchange of gases.
Adipose tissue functions to:
Solution
Adipose tissue functions to cushion organs and store fat, providing energy reserves and insulation.
Cardiac muscle is characterized by:
Solution
Cardiac muscle is characterized by involuntary control and striations, allowing it to contract rhythmically and pump blood throughout the body.
Nervous tissue is responsible for:
Solution
Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses, enabling communication within the nervous system.
Primary growth in plants is driven by:
Solution
Primary growth in plants is driven by the apical meristem, which is located at the tips of roots and shoots and is responsible for lengthening the plant.
Parenchyma cells in leaves are specialized for:
Solution
Parenchyma cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis, containing chloroplasts that capture light energy to produce sugars.
Collenchyma tissues are identified by:
Solution
Collenchyma tissues are identified by unevenly thickened primary walls, which provide structural support to growing parts of the plant.
Xylem tissue primarily transports:
Solution
Xylem tissue primarily transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Companion cells in phloem assist:
Solution
Companion cells in phloem assist sieve tubes by providing metabolic support and helping to regulate the flow of nutrients.