COORDINATION AND CONTROL

The activity in relation to changes in the environment is referred to as a stimulus.

A receptor detects the stimulus in the environment.

Nervous coordination involves electrochemical signals.

Hormones are chemicals released from one cell and carried through the blood to signal distant cells.

Plants exhibit chemical coordination.

The cerebrum is involved in reasoning.

The cerebellum is involved in balance and precision in movements.

Vital functions for the survival of animals are regulated by the autonomic sub-division.

The shortest path of reflex action consists of 2 neurons.

The lens in our eye is convex.

Accommodation is the automatic process of altering focus to get a sharper image of a near object.

Vitamin A is necessary for proper vision.

A color blind person typically cannot distinguish certain colors, often including red.

The book "Kitab-ul-manazir" was written by Ibn-al-Haitham.

Sensory hair cells are present in the cochlea.

The gonads are the target organ for both FSH and LH.

Receptors are specialized cells or organs that detect changes or stimuli in the environment and send information to the nervous system.

Effectors are organs or cells that perform a response to a stimulus, such as muscles or glands.

Mechanical coordination is not a recognized type of coordination in the human body; the main types are chemical and nervous coordination.

Neurons generate electrochemical signals, which are a combination of electrical impulses and chemical neurotransmitters.

Plants and lower organisms mostly rely on chemical coordination, using hormones and other chemical signals to respond to their environment.

The brain is the main command and control center of the human body, responsible for processing sensory information and directing responses.

The Peripheral Nervous System connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs, allowing for communication and control.

The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information throughout the body.

A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action, allowing for a quick response to a stimulus.

Vitamin A is essential for proper vision, particularly for maintaining healthy retinal function.

Myopia, or nearsightedness, refers to difficulty in seeing distant objects clearly.

Color blindness is the condition where one cannot distinguish between certain colors, often red and green.

The human ear has a dual function of hearing and maintaining balance.

The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it controls the function of many other endocrine glands.

The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, which is crucial for regulating metabolism.

The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

Diabetes mellitus results from the pancreas failing to produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in boys.

Progesterone helps to maintain the uterus during pregnancy, supporting the development of the fetus.

Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures, which are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.

The eyes are classified as photoreceptors because they detect light and convert it into signals that the brain can interpret as images.

The sequence of events in response activity is: Stimulus → Receptor → Modulation → Effector → Response. This sequence ensures that the body responds appropriately to stimuli.

The two main types of coordination in organisms are chemical and nervous coordination. Chemical coordination involves hormones, while nervous coordination involves the nervous system.

Hormones are the molecules involved in chemical coordination. They are secreted by various glands and regulate different functions in the body.

Nervous coordination is more advanced and faster than chemical coordination. It involves the transmission of electrical impulses through neurons, allowing for rapid responses to stimuli.

Nervous coordination is based on the activity of neurons, which transmit electrical impulses to facilitate rapid communication within the body.

Chemical coordination is found in both animals and plants. It involves the use of hormones and other chemical signals to regulate bodily functions and responses to the environment.

Auxins are the molecules responsible for the movement of sunflowers toward sunlight, a phenomenon known as phototropism.

Humans have a centralized-type nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord as the central processing units.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and coordinating information.

Cerebrospinal fluid provides cushion-like protection to the brain, absorbing shocks and providing nourishment.

The cerebrum is considered the seat of intelligence and memory, responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action.

The temporal lobe of the cerebrum is involved in hearing and speech, processing auditory information and facilitating language comprehension.

The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for vision, processing visual information received from the eyes.

The hypothalamus maintains body temperature and regulates hunger, playing a crucial role in homeostasis.

The hippocampus is related to long-term memory, playing a key role in the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory.

The amygdala is involved in emotions such as pain and pleasure, playing a crucial role in emotional processing and responses.

The cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordination, ensuring smooth and coordinated movements.

The medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

The pons helps in facial muscle control and is involved in regulating sleep.

The spinal cord connects the brain with the rest of the body, transmitting signals between the brain and peripheral nerves.

Afferent neurons carry signals from the body to the Central Nervous System (CNS), transmitting sensory information.

The outer part of the spinal cord contains white matter, which consists of myelinated nerve fibers that transmit signals up and down the spinal cord.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is formed by nerves that arise from the Central Nervous System (CNS), connecting the CNS to the limbs and organs.

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like digestion, regulating internal organs and glands without conscious effort.

The insulating covering of axons is called the myelin sheath, which helps speed up the transmission of nerve impulses.

Blinking of the eyes is an example of a reflex action, an automatic and rapid response to a stimulus without conscious thought.

The lens of the eye focuses light onto the retina, allowing for clear vision by adjusting its shape to refract light properly.

The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

Rods and cones in the retina convert light into nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain for visual processing.

Aqueous humor fills the space between the cornea and the lens, providing nourishment and maintaining intraocular pressure.

The pupil dilates in dim light due to the relaxation of the iris, allowing more light to enter the eye.

Vitamin A is essential for proper vision and maintaining a healthy retina, as it is a crucial component of the visual pigment rhodopsin.

Myopia is the term for difficulty in seeing distant objects clearly, commonly known as nearsightedness.

A convex lens is used to correct long-sightedness (hyperopia) by converging light rays to focus properly on the retina.

Colour blindness is caused by a defect in the cones of the retina, which are responsible for color vision.

Ibn-al-Haitham is considered the "father of modern optics" for his significant contributions to the principles of optics and vision.

The semicircular canals in the inner ear are responsible for maintaining body balance by detecting head movements.

Sensory hair cells in the cochlea convert sound waves into nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain for auditory processing.

The primary function of the endocrine system is to coordinate body functions through hormones, which act as chemical messengers.

Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate various functions in the body.

The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it controls the function of many other endocrine glands.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates the development of gametes, promoting the growth of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is responsible for triggering ovulation in females and testosterone release in males.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

Somatotropin, also known as growth hormone, stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration.

The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) maintains blood pressure and water balance by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys.

Oxytocin causes uterine contractions during childbirth and affects social behaviors such as bonding and trust.

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism.

A deficiency of iodine in adults can result in goiter, which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue.

The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels.

The main cause of diabetes mellitus is a lack of insulin production by the pancreas, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

Adrenaline increases blood glucose levels during emergencies by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, which helps regulate metabolism and reduce inflammation.

Testosterone is responsible for developing male secondary sexual characteristics, such as increased muscle mass and facial hair.

Paralysis is a vascular disorder of the nervous system, often resulting from a disruption in blood supply to the brain or spinal cord.

The most common symptom of paralysis is the loss of controlled movement in parts of the body, due to disruption in signal transmission from the brain to the muscles.

Epilepsy is considered a functional disorder of the nervous system, characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.