HOMEOSTASIS

The internal condition of an organism is specifically referred to as the internal environment, which encompasses all aspects of the organism's internal state.

Homeostasis is the set of metabolic reactions that maintain the internal environment within suitable limits for life.

Guttation is the process by which plants remove extra liquid water through special openings called hydathodes.

Halophytes are plants that grow in coastal areas and are adapted to salty environments.

The skin is considered the largest organ of the human body, serving as a protective barrier and involved in thermoregulation.

Thermoregulation is the process by which organisms maintain their body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.

The kidneys are enclosed in a membrane called the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity.

The dermis layer of the skin contains a network of blood capillaries that provide nutrients and help in thermoregulation.

Selective reabsorption in the nephron primarily occurs at the convoluted tubules, where essential substances are reabsorbed back into the blood.

The hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released from the pituitary gland and plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body.

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment within suitable limits for the proper functioning of an organism.

The feedback mechanism is responsible for maintaining internal conditions in organisms by regulating various physiological processes.

Photosynthesis is not an aspect of homeostasis; it is a process by which plants produce food and oxygen using light energy.

Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining the balance of water and salts in the body through osmosis.

Hydrophytes are plants that grow in fresh water environments.

Halophytes are plants adapted to grow in saltish water or saline conditions.

The heart is not directly involved in homeostasis; it primarily functions to pump blood throughout the body.

When body temperature rises, sweating and vasodilation occur to help cool the body down.

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood and produces urine.

Urea is formed in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism.

Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium oxalate crystals.

A dialysis machine is used to treat patients with kidney failure by filtering waste products from the blood.

Osmoregulation maintains the balance of water and salts in an organism.

Thermoregulation helps organisms maintain a suitable temperature for optimal enzyme function.

Excretion in plants involves the removal of metabolic waste products.

During the daytime, plants release extra oxygen because the rate of photosynthesis exceeds that of respiration.

At night, plants remove CO₂ mainly by diffusion through the body surface.

Transpiration in plants occurs as water vapour during the daytime.

Guttation removes water in liquid form through hydathodes.

Hydathodes are the plant parts that help in guttation by exuding water droplets.

Halophytes survive in salty environments by storing salts in special salt glands, which helps them manage high salinity levels.

The contractile vacuole is an organelle that helps in osmoregulation by pumping excess water out of the cell in freshwater organisms.

Multicellular freshwater animals manage excess water by producing dilute urine, which helps maintain osmotic balance.

Bony marine fish manage salt balance by drinking seawater and excreting excess salts through specialized salt glands.

Cartilaginous fish like sharks store urea in their bodies to maintain osmotic balance with their marine environment.

Terrestrial animals like camels and kangaroos produce water through the catabolism of fats, aiding in water conservation.

Excretion in animals is primarily concerned with the removal of nitrogenous waste products from the body.

Planaria excretes waste through flame cells, which are part of its protonephridial excretory system.

Cockroaches primarily excrete uric acid, which allows them to conserve water.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis through temperature regulation and protection.

The primary function of the lungs in homeostasis is to maintain oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the blood.

Kidneys help maintain internal balance by filtering water and waste products from the blood, forming urine to excrete these wastes.

The dermis layer of the skin contains sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels, playing a key role in sensation and thermoregulation.

The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, provides insulation and serves as an energy storage site due to its fat content.

Sweat glands in the skin help cool the body through the evaporation of sweat.

Vasodilation is the process where arterioles widen to release more heat, increasing blood flow to the skin.

In cold conditions, arterioles in the dermis constrict to reduce blood flow and conserve heat.

The erection of hair helps trap insulating air close to the skin, providing warmth in cold conditions.

When body temperature rises, sweating increases as a feedback mechanism to cool the body through evaporation.

The normal set point for human body temperature is approximately 37°C.

Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that helps convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into carbonic acid in the blood.

The kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes like urea from the blood to form urine.

The liver is not a part of the human urinary system; it is primarily involved in metabolism and detoxification.

The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The urinary bladder stores urine until it is excreted from the body.

The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

The funnel-like space inside the kidney is called the pelvis, which collects urine before it moves to the ureter.

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Ultrafiltration occurs in Bowman's capsule, where blood is filtered to form a filtrate that enters the nephron.

Both selective and non-selective reabsorption occur at the proximal tubule, where essential substances are reabsorbed back into the blood.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct, helping to regulate the body's water balance.

The Loop of Henle makes a U-shaped tube into the medulla and is crucial for creating a concentration gradient that aids in water reabsorption.

Capillaries surround the nephron and aid in the reabsorption of substances back into the bloodstream.

Most nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney, where the initial stages of filtration and processing occur.

The medulla of the kidney contains the renal pyramids, which are essential for the concentration and collection of urine.

Urea is formed from amino acids during the process of deamination in the liver.

Ammonia, a toxic substance, is converted into urea in the liver as part of the urea cycle.

The process of removing waste substances from the blood is called excretion.

If plasma becomes too dilute, cells may swell and potentially burst due to the influx of water.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released when the water content of the blood is low to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Kidney stones are primarily made of calcium oxalate, which can crystallize in the kidneys and cause blockages.

Lithotripsy is a medical procedure used to break small kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be passed out of the body.

Drinking a large amount of water is the most effective way to prevent kidney stone formation, as it helps to flush out substances that could form stones.

Kidney failure is primarily caused by an imbalance of solutes in the blood and kidneys, which can disrupt normal kidney function.

A dialysis machine filters metabolic wastes from the blood, performing the function of the kidneys when they are not working properly.

An alternative to dialysis for kidney failure patients is a kidney transplant, which can restore normal kidney function.