INHERITANCE

Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms.

Inheritance refers to the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring.

Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.

Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells that makes up chromosomes.

The backbone of the DNA helix is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, often referred to as the phosphoester backbone.

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a functional product, typically a protein.

Replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.

Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a particular gene inherited from both parents.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup or constitution of an organism.

Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

Human cells contain two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent.

Genes are located on chromosomes, which are structures within the cell nucleus.

The chemical material of chromosomes is called chromatin, which consists of DNA and proteins.

Chromatin is made of DNA and proteins, which help in packaging DNA into a smaller volume.

DNA has a double helical shape, which was famously described by Watson and Crick.

Hydrogen bonds hold the two DNA strands together, allowing the double helix structure to form.

A gene is a small segment of DNA that contains the genetic code for producing specific proteins or RNA molecules.

DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.

The first step in protein synthesis is transcription, where a segment of DNA is copied into RNA.

Gregor John Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics for his work on the inheritance of traits in pea plants.

An organism with two identical alleles of a trait is called homozygous.

Phenotype refers to the physical appearance or observable traits of an organism.

Heredity is the term used to describe the similarity between offspring and their parents due to genetic inheritance.

Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variations.

Genes carry the biological information from parents to offspring, determining inherited traits.

Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes in each body cell, arranged in 23 pairs.

A nucleosome is a section of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, which helps in packaging DNA into chromatin.

Histone proteins help DNA coil into a compact structure inside the nucleus, forming nucleosomes.

The basic unit of DNA is called a nucleotide, which consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

A nucleotide consists of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA is made up of two polynucleotide chains that form a double helix structure.

According to base pairing rules, Adenine always pairs with Thymine in DNA.

The position of a gene on a chromosome is called a gene locus.

A gene is a small segment of DNA that contains genetic information for producing specific proteins or RNA molecules.

Mutation is the change in genetic information that causes variation, which can be inherited.

Alternative forms of the same gene are known as alleles.

The process of making an exact copy of DNA is called replication.

The Watson and Crick model explained the structure of DNA as a double helix in 1953.

The first step of protein synthesis is called transcription, where DNA is copied into RNA.

mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it is used to synthesize proteins.

The function of tRNA is to bring amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, where ribosomes synthesize proteins based on mRNA instructions.

Gregor Mendel used the garden pea plant for his genetic experiments due to its easily observable traits.

A genotype that is homozygous for tallness would have two identical alleles for tallness, represented as TT.

The genotype of a hybrid (heterozygous) tall plant is Tt, indicating one dominant and one recessive allele.

The term "genotype" refers to the genetic makeup of a trait, which determines the characteristics of an organism.

In the F₂ generation, the observed ratio of tall to dwarf plants is 3:1, according to Mendel's experiments.

Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during the formation of gametes, ensuring that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

According to the Law of Segregation, each gamete receives only one allele for a trait.

Another name for Mendel’s Law of Segregation is the Law of purity of gametes.

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits separate independently during the formation of gametes.

The phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of Mendel's dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.

The ABO blood group system is controlled by three alleles: \(I^A\), \(I^B\), and \(i\).

Blood group O is considered the universal donor because it can be donated to individuals with any blood type.

Blood group O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.

Blood group AB has no antibodies in its plasma, making it the universal recipient.

Whether a person is Rh-positive or Rh-negative is determined by the presence or absence of Rh protein on their red blood cells.

An Rh-negative individual has the genotype rr, indicating the absence of the Rh protein.

Heritable variation is caused by genetic changes and can be passed on to offspring.

Tongue rolling is an example of discontinuous variation, which has distinct categories without intermediate forms.

Mutation is the major source of heritable variation, introducing new genetic changes that can be inherited.

Independent assortment ensures that gametes have a unique combination of alleles, contributing to genetic diversity.

Evolution is the gradual modification of species from simple ancestors over generations.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection, which explains how species evolve over time.

According to Darwin, individuals best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Wings of birds and insects are not an example of homologous organs because they do not share a common evolutionary origin.

Artificial selection is the process where humans selectively breed organisms for specific, desired traits.