Organic Chemistry

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Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

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The general formula for alkanes is \( \text{C}_n\text{H}_{2n+2} \).

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CH₃-OH is an alcohol, characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH).

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CH₃-CH₂-CH₃ is a saturated hydrocarbon because it contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

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The prefix 'hept' stands for seven carbon atoms.

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The functional group -COOH is characteristic of carboxylic acids.

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Polyethene is a type of plastic.

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Acetic acid is commonly obtained from vinegar.

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Alkenes are characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds.

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CH₃-CH₂- is an ethyl radical.

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The Vital Force Theory states that organic compounds are made in living tissues by a vital force.

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Urea was the first organic compound synthesized in a lab.

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Friedrich Wohler prepared urea in 1828.

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Carbon is essential in all organic compounds.

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Hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and hydrogen.

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The property of carbon to link with itself is called catenation.

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Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

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Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon.

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Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds.

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Organic compounds are generally soluble in benzene and ether.

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Organic compounds have low melting and boiling points due to weak bonding.

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A common product of organic compound combustion is carbon dioxide.

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Members of a homologous series share the same functional group.

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Coal is also known as black gold.

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Natural gas is called Sui gas in Pakistan.

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In naming organic compounds, the prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms.

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The functional group in an organic molecule determines its chemical properties.

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Berzelius introduced the Vital Force Theory in 1815.

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Friedrich Wohler's major contribution in 1828 was synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate.

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Carbon is essential in all organic compounds.

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According to the 'like dissolves like' rule, organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents.

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The presence of covalent bonds makes organic compounds poor conductors of electricity.

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The molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms in a molecule.

The structural formula represents the exact arrangement of atoms in a molecule, showing how atoms are connected.

Isomerism refers to compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.

Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to form long chains and rings, leading to a vast number of organic compounds.

Anthracite has the highest carbon content among the options, making it a high-rank coal.

Fractional distillation is used to separate the components of petroleum based on their boiling points.

The main component of natural gas is methane, which is a simple hydrocarbon.

CNG, or Compressed Natural Gas, is made from compressed natural gas and is used as a fuel.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots synthesize proteins, which are essential macromolecules for plant growth.

Petroleum is primarily composed of hydrocarbons, which are compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon.

Coal is not a product obtained from petroleum distillation; it is a separate fossil fuel.

Fossil fuels are classified as organic compounds because they are derived from the remains of living organisms.

Nylon is an example of synthetic fibers made from organic compounds, commonly used in textiles.

A characteristic of a homologous series is that each member differs by a CH₂ group, leading to similar chemical properties.

Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon, meaning it contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

When one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane, an alkyl radical is formed, which is a highly reactive species.

The general formula of alkyl radicals derived from alkanes is \(C_nH_{2n+1}\), indicating the loss of one hydrogen atom.

Alkanes burn with a blue, non-sooty flame due to complete combustion.

Removing a hydrogen from the middle carbon of propane forms the isopropyl radical.

The first step in naming alkanes according to IUPAC rules is to select the longest continuous carbon chain.

The correct IUPAC name for the structure CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₃ is 2-methylbutane.

The correct name based on the alphabetical order of alkyl groups is 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane.

The correct name for CH₃-CH=CH-CH₂-CH₃ is 2-pentene, indicating the position of the double bond.

The IUPAC name for CH≡C–CH₂–CH₃ is 1-butyne, indicating the position of the triple bond.

When both a double and triple bond are present, the double bond gets priority in numbering according to IUPAC rules.

The correct name for CH₂=CH–CH₂–C≡CH is 1-penten-4-yne, following IUPAC naming conventions.

The correct name for CH₃–CH=CH–CH₂–C≡CH is 2-hepten-5-yne, following IUPAC naming conventions.

A functional group in an organic compound is an atom or group of atoms responsible for the chemical characteristics of the compound.

The functional group in alcohols is the hydroxyl group, represented as -OH.

The hydroxyl group (-OH) increases solubility in water due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

The general formula for an ether is R-O-R', where R and R' are alkyl groups.

Acetone contains a carbonyl group but is classified as a ketone, not an aldehyde.

Alkenes are characterized by the presence of a double bond between carbon atoms.

The functional group present in esters is -COOR’, where R’ represents an alkyl group.

The general formula for a ketone is R-CO-R’, where R and R’ are alkyl groups.

Amines are the class of organic compounds that contain nitrogen in their functional group.

The functional group present in haloalkanes (alkyl halides) is represented by -X, where X is a halogen atom.

Alkynes are characterized by the presence of a triple bond between carbon atoms.