SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Tropism is a biological phenomenon, inducing growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.

The skeleton is the structural framework that provides shape, support, and protection to the body of an organism.

Chondrocytes are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix.

The head of the femur attaches to the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle, forming the hip joint.

The bicep is one of the large muscles of the arm, responsible for flexing the elbow and forearm.

Ligaments are bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support.

Rickets is a skeletal disorder that results from a deficiency of vitamin D, leading to softening and weakening of bones in children.

Extensor muscles are responsible for straightening limbs at joints.

Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles that work in opposition to each other to produce movement at a joint, such as the biceps and triceps in the arm.

The skeletal and muscular systems work together to enable movement. Muscles contract and pull on bones, which act as levers to produce movement.

The skeleton provides structural support, gives shape to the body, and protects internal organs.

An adult human typically has 206 bones in their body.

The point where two bones meet is called a joint.

A ball and socket joint, such as the hip joint, allows movement in many directions.

Ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones at joints.

Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect skeletal muscles to bones.

An antagonistic pair refers to muscles that work against each other to facilitate movement, such as the biceps and triceps.

Flexion is the process of bending a limb at a joint, decreasing the angle between the bones.

Rickets is a condition caused by long-term calcium deficiency in children, leading to soft and weak bones.

Osteoporosis is a disorder associated with aging that results in weak and brittle bones due to low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue.

Plants are generally sessile, meaning they are fixed in one place and do not move from place to place, while animals are typically motile and can move around.

Autonomic movement is caused by internal stimuli and is typically involuntary, such as the beating of the heart.

Paratonic movement is induced by external stimuli, such as a plant growing towards light.

Trophic movement involves the growth of plant organs in response to stimuli, such as roots growing towards water.

The closing of leaves in the Touch-me-not plant is an example of nastic movement, which is a non-directional response to stimuli.

The skeleton does not produce digestive enzymes; its functions include providing structure, producing blood cells, and protecting organs.

Jellyfish and earthworms have a hydrostatic skeleton, which uses fluid pressure within a closed body cavity to enable movement.

The exoskeleton of arthropods is primarily made up of chitin, a tough, protective polysaccharide.

Osteocytes are the cells that form bones in humans and are involved in maintaining bone tissue.

Cartilage is a flexible type of skeletal tissue that provides support and cushioning between bones.

Calcification is the process of hardening bones by depositing calcium phosphate crystals into the bone tissue.

Calcification does not typically occur in cartilage; it remains flexible and does not harden like bone.

Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for dissolving and resorbing bone tissue, which is essential for bone remodeling.

The skull is part of the axial skeleton, which includes the bones of the head and trunk.

The human skull is typically composed of 22 bones, including 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.

The human vertebral column typically consists of 26 vertebrae, including those in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs that protect the thoracic organs and assist in respiration.

The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs (arms and legs) and the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) that attach the limbs to the body.

The pectoral girdle is formed by the scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone), which connect the upper limbs to the body.

There are 8 carpal bones in one hand, which form the wrist and articulate with the bones of the forearm and hand.

There are 7 tarsal bones in one foot, which form the ankle and upper part of the foot.

The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee.

Skull bones are an example of immovable joints, also known as sutures, which allow for very little to no movement.

A hinge joint, such as the elbow or knee, allows movement primarily in one plane, typically enabling flexion and extension.

The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint, which allows for a wide range of movement in multiple directions.

A ball and socket joint allows movement in all directions, providing the greatest range of motion of any joint type.

Gliding joints are found between the vertebrae in the spine, allowing limited sliding movements.

Ligaments connect bones to other bones at joints, while tendons connect muscles to bones, facilitating movement.

The elbow is an example of a hinge joint, which allows bending and straightening, and a pivot joint, which allows rotational movement.

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements of the body.

Skeletal muscles are voluntary and have a striped or striated appearance due to the arrangement of their fibers.

Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are responsible for its rhythmic contractions.

Cardiac muscles are involuntary and branched, allowing them to contract rhythmically and efficiently pump blood through the heart.

Smooth muscles do not show striations under a microscope and are found in internal organs like the stomach and blood vessels.

Smooth muscles are mostly found in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, and bladder.

An antagonistic muscle pair refers to muscles that work in opposition to each other to produce movement at a joint, such as the biceps and triceps.

Biceps and triceps are an example of antagonistic muscles, where one contracts while the other relaxes to facilitate movement.

When the biceps muscle contracts, it causes the arm to bend at the elbow, facilitating flexion.

The triceps muscle helps in straightening the arm by contracting and extending the elbow joint.

Hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in the blood, which can affect bone health and other bodily functions.

Arthritis is not directly caused by long-term calcium deficiency; it is primarily an inflammation of the joints.

Calcification is the process of depositing calcium phosphate in bones, which contributes to bone hardening and strength.

Rickets is mainly caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption and bone development.

Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to fragile and porous bones, particularly affecting older adults due to bone density loss.

Women are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis due to hormonal differences, particularly lower levels of estrogen after menopause, which protects against bone loss.

The most common symptom of arthritis is joint pain, which results from inflammation and damage to the joints.