Biotechnology

Tissue culturing is a technique used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, which helps in increasing the yield of crops like bananas.

The double helix structure is characteristic of DNA, which consists of two strands coiled around each other.

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas, specifically by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

DNA is composed of nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases, including cytosine.

A replica in genetics refers to an exact copy of a DNA molecule, chromosome, or organism.

In DNA, cytosine is one of the four nitrogenous bases attached to a deoxyribose sugar.

Bacteria, particularly E. coli, are commonly used in genetic engineering to produce human insulin commercially.

Human growth hormone is used therapeutically to treat children with growth disorders, such as dwarfism.

DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

Golden Rice is a genetically modified rice variety that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A.

Measles is a viral disease that can be prevented through vaccination.

DNA stores genetic information using a code made up of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA.

James Watson and Francis Crick are credited with proposing the double helix model of DNA in 1953.

Vaccines often contain weakened or killed forms of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease.

Uracil is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA, but not in DNA. In DNA, thymine is used instead of uracil.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in most living organisms, containing the genetic instructions for development and function.

A gene is the basic unit of genetics. It is a sequence of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a functional product, such as a protein or RNA molecule.

Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of an organism's genes, typically through the insertion, deletion, or modification of genetic material.

Genes contain the instructions for producing proteins, which are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

Bacteria are often used in genetic engineering because they reproduce rapidly, allowing for quick and efficient production of genetically engineered products.

During gene replication, the DNA molecule unwinds and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.

Common biotechnological products include vaccines and insulin, which are produced using genetically engineered organisms.

Biotechnology involves the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms.

DNA is composed of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.

The four organic bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

DNA replication is the process by which a single DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.

In eukaryotic cells, DNA is primarily found in the nucleus. It is organized into structures called chromosomes.

A chromosome is a structure made of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of cells. It contains many genes, regulatory elements, and other nucleotide sequences.

Genes are segments of DNA that contain the information necessary to build proteins, which in turn determine the traits and characteristics of an organism.

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, meaning they lack a defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

In bacterial cells, the chromosomal DNA is located in the cytoplasm, as bacteria do not have a nucleus.

Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that are separate from the chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.

Bacterial plasmids are commonly used in genetic engineering as vectors to carry and replicate foreign DNA in host cells.

Human insulin is produced using bacteria by inserting the human insulin gene into the bacterial DNA, allowing the bacteria to produce insulin as they grow.

The insulin-producing gene is isolated from pancreatic cells, specifically from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for producing insulin in humans.

To produce insulin in bacteria, the insulin gene is inserted into the bacterial plasmid. This allows the bacteria to transcribe and translate the gene to produce insulin.

Vaccines typically contain weakened or killed forms of pathogens, or parts of pathogens, such as proteins or sugars. These stimulate the immune system to recognize the pathogen as a threat, build immunity, and respond more effectively in the future.

In response to vaccines, white blood cells, specifically B cells, produce antibodies. These antibodies are specific to the pathogen presented by the vaccine and help the immune system neutralize or destroy the pathogen if encountered in the future.

The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is given to infants to protect against tuberculosis (TB). It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide.

The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. It is a combination vaccine that helps prevent these three viral diseases.

The polio vaccine is specifically designed to protect against poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis.

Human growth hormone produced through biotechnology is used to treat growth disorders in children, such as dwarfism, by stimulating growth and development.